The following is the text of the Note issued by FDR/Loksatta founder Dr Jayaprakash Narayan along with Shri P.S Rammohan Rao, IPS (Retd.), former Governor of Tamilnadu, Prof. K.C Suri, University of Hyderabad, K. Sumedha, Shweta Chander, Vriti Bansal, Sruti Paturi and Keshav Reddy of FDR at the PRESS MEET conducted on 16th February 2021 (Tuesday) at Somajiguda Press Club, Hyderabad to announce the details and release of 'Rule of Law for 21st Century', a comprhensive paper for the upcoming 'Indian Democracy at Work' 2nd National Conference jointly organized by FDR, University of Hyderabad and Indian School of Business on "Rule of Law"..
CONCEPT NOTE
INDIAN
DEMOCRACY AT WORK CONFERENCE 2021
THEME: RULE
OF LAW
Rule of law
is the bedrock of constitutional governance and democratic
society. Maintenance of public order while preserving constitutional
liberties is at the heart of a harmonious society and democratic system. Fair,
speedy and efficient settlement of disputes at an affordable cost is critical
for mutual trust and economic growth. In a rapidly urbanizing society, control
of crime and maintenance of public order are critical. The
social controls that regulated human behavior in small rural communities become
weak and ineffective in urban communities with impersonal lives. Increasing urbanization will inevitably lead to more
civil disputes and crime. If might becomes right and crime and a
“grammar of anarchy” dominate, economic activity and wealth creation will be
undermined. Protection of individual property rights, fair and equitable
contract enforcement, creation and enforcement of just labour laws and
provision of access to opportunity for all sections of society, creates a
culture where commerce and business can flourish and grow. Rule of law and
economic growth are strongly interrelated and mutually reinforcing.
While we
have normative rule of law in India, in practice there are serious, and often
crippling distortions. Independent, accountable and efficient crime
investigation unaffected by partisan pressures and populist impulses is a
critical requirement in ensuring justice. Strong, independent and efficient
prosecution driving investigation and securing just punishment of wrongdoers is
vital for the criminal justice system to act as a deterrent. Speedy,
accessible, efficient trials in courts – both civil and criminal – are the
foundations of rule of law. In all these critical areas, our institutions
of rule of law are deficient in a variety of ways.
The police
forces have multifarious duties and are stretched to the limit. The number of
policemen per unit population remains low by global standards despite rapid
urbanisation and rise in crime. Political control of police personnel
undermines credibility of crime investigation and erodes public trust. The high
degree of centralization of functions in a single police force is a serious
impediment to the efficient discharge of their duties. Public pressure and
political control sometimes compel the police to resort to unwholesome methods
like third degree and extra-judicial punishments to produce short term results
to appease the public sentiment.
The brutal torture and murder of a father and son in Tamil Nadu
by the police for violating the lockdown restrictions a few months ago is a
horrific example of the arbitrary use of force and torture by the police forces
in India. Given the poor delivery of services at the cutting edge
level in government and the polarized and contentious public discourse, often
the governance and political failures are converted into law and order problems
imposing enormous burden on the police. Those
in power relish the power over the police forces and often use it for partisan
ends. Police are perceived often as tools of those in power, rather than
the instrument of law enforcement.
Delays have compounded the challenges to rule of law. When
heinous crimes occur, public pressure and political diktats are making police
resort to extra judicial killings of the suspects. This culture of mob justice
needs to be countered by an efficient and credible system of crime
investigation, prosecution and trial in a court of law. Or else, there is a
danger that we will degenerate into a society in which might is right.
Alarmingly,
there are fewer prosecutors in India than judges. This clearly reflects the
fact that despite the separation of prosecution from the police, the
prosecution wing is still unable to drive the investigation. This, coupled with
the many inadequacies of functioning of the police and courts has undermined
the credibility of our rule of law institutions.
As
Nani Palkhiwala observed once, the progress of a civil suit in our courts of
law is the closest thing to eternity we can experience. An independent and
impartial judiciary, and a speedy and efficient justice system are the very
essence of civilization. However, our judiciary, by its very nature, has become
ponderous, excruciatingly slow and inefficient. The only sanction to ensure
good conduct and to prevent bad behavior in society is swift punishment. In the
absence of the state’s capacity to enforce law and to mete out justice, rule of
law has all but collapsed.
Our laws and
their interpretation and adjudication led to enormous misery for the litigants
and forced people to look for extra-legal alternatives, in the process, giving
rise to a private industry for administering rough and ready justice. Local
hoodlums using strong-arm tactics to achieve the desired goals in almost all of
our cities and towns have been increasingly gaining political legitimacy. In
addition, the courts have tended to condone delays and encourage litigation and
a spate of appeals even on relatively minor matters. Delays, procedural
complexity, and use of English as the language of the courts escalate the costs
of litigation enormously for most people, deterring them from seeking
intervention of courts. Largely, there is a lack of trust in the efficacy of
the judicial system in delivering justice.
As a result
of the enormous delays in courts, the prisons are overcrowded, with more than
half of the prisoners being poor people incarcerated as under trial prisoners.
Basic liberty being denied to the poor due to inefficiencies within the justice
system is a fundamental failing of our democratic polity.
This disconcerting
situation calls for speedy remedial measures. These measures should be
practical and effective while they are in consonance with the basic features of
the Constitution. Reports of the Law Commission, Police Commission and
Administrative Reforms Commission
have eloquently made out a case for many specific and practical reforms to
strengthen rule of law. However,
little effort has been made to implement these recommendations. The second
edition of the Indian Democracy at Work conference aims to delve deep into the
challenges plaguing our judicial system with the hope of converting meaningful
conversations into definitive action.
A
centralized and partisan police force, a feeble and inadequate prosecution, a
slow and inefficient judiciary, and archaic and complex procedural laws that
have collectively led to the failure of the Indian justice system will be the
central themes to deliberate on in the conference.
Central
Themes:
POLICE
1. Separation of crime investigation
from political interference
2. Improvements in technology -
mobility, communications, computerization, and forensics and training
3. Recruitment and capacity building
a. Improving morale, competence and
public image of police
4. Community policing
PROSECUTION
1. Capacity enhancement of prosecution
2. Independence of prosecution with
competence
3. Empowering the prosecution to drive
investigation
JUDICIARY
1. Establishment of local courts to
reduce the burden of trial courts
2. Capacity enhancement
a. Strength of judges
b. Physical infrastructure and
technology
c. Court administration - support
staff, case management system
3. Clearing Pendency
4. Indian Judicial Service
5. National Judicial Standards and
Accountability for higher judiciary
6. Permanent Constitutional Benches
PROCEDURAL
LAW
1.
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
2.
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
3. The Indian Evidence Act, 1872
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